In the California appeals court case Hung Tan Phan v. Lang Van Pham, the court ruled that Communications Decency Act (“CDA”) Section 230 immunity is applicable to forwarder of defamatory email with added content, provided that the added content itself is not defamatory. For background, CDA Section 230 shields providers and users of interactive computer services from claims that seek to treat them as publishers or speakers of information provided by another information content provider. In this case, the court raised the issue of whether, by including an introduction to the allegedly defamatory email — the forwarder was considered to have “materially contributed to the illegality of the Internet message” and hence lost his CDA Section 230 immunity and be liable for defamation. The court concluded that the defendant did not materially contribute to the alleged defamation because his introductory comments were not defamatory, and therefore he is still protected under CDA Section 230.